How to Pronounce -ed

The past simple tense and past participle of all regular verbs end in -ed. For example:
work, worked, worked
In addition, many adjectives are made from the past participle and so end in -ed. For example:
I like painted furniture.
The question is, how do we pronounce the -ed? The answer is,in 3 ways:

• /ɪd/
• /t/
• /d/

*Note that it is the sound that is important, not the letter or spelling. For example, fax ends in the letter x but the sound /s/;like ends in the letter e but the sound /k/.

Exceptions
The following -ed words used as adjectives are pronounced with /ɪd/:

• aged
• dogged
• ragged
• blessed
• learned
• wicked
• crooked
• naked
• wretched

So we say:

• an aged man /ɪd/
• a blessed nuisance /ɪd/
• a dogged persistence /ɪd/
• a learned professor - the professor, who was truly learned /ɪd/
• a wretched beggar - the beggar was wretched /ɪd/

But when used as real verbs (past simple and past participle), the normal rules apply and we say:

• he aged quickly /d/
• he blessed me /t/
• they dogged him /d/
• he has learned well /d/ or /t/

 

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